भाग–I : ब्राह्मणीय शिक्षा
अध्याय I – वैदिक संकल्पनाएँ एवं पारिभाषिक शब्द (1)
वेद (1) · संहिता (3) · मंत्र (2) · ब्राह्मण (5) · यज्ञ (7)
अध्याय II – ऋग्वैदिक शिक्षा (17)
ऋग्वेद का विकास एवं विषयवस्तु (17) · पाठ का संरक्षण (20) · साहित्यिक क्रियाकलाप (22) · तप को ज्ञान का साधन मानना (24) · पाठ का उच्चारण/पाठ (26) · अर्थबोध (29) · संघ एवं शाखाएँ (31) · सारांश (34) · व्रतचारी (36) · वैदिक शिक्षा पर यास्क के विचार (37) · उपलब्धियाँ—भाषा (38), चिंतन (39), वैज्ञानिक चेतना का विकास (49) · ऋषि रूप में क्षत्रिय (50) · ऋषि रूप में महिलाएँ (51) · अनार्यों एवं दलित वर्गों की शिक्षा (51) · अध्ययन के केन्द्र (53) · लौकिक शिक्षा (54) · वेदांग (57)
अध्याय III – अन्य वेदों में शिक्षा (61)
संकलन का युग (61) · पुरोहितों के विविध वर्ग एवं उनका ज्ञान (61) · सामवेद एवं संगीत-शास्त्र (62) · यजुर्वेद (64) · अथर्ववेद (66) · ब्रह्मचर्य (67)
अध्याय IV – उत्तर वैदिक शिक्षा (71)
ब्राह्मण, आरण्यक एवं उपनिषद् (71) · शाखाएँ एवं चरण (78) · परिषदें (82) · गोत्र (83) · धर्मशास्त्र के विद्यालय (84) · वेद एवं ब्राह्मणों के चरण (85) · शिक्षा-प्रणाली (88) · स्वाध्याय (88) · गुरु की आवश्यकता (89) · छात्रजीवन—प्रवेश (91), अवधि (92), कर्तव्य (93), आंतरिक अनुशासन (95) · परम ज्ञान की साधना (96) · गुरु का उपदेशात्मक विदाई-संदेश (99) · शिक्षकों के कर्तव्य (101) · अनिवार्य शिक्षा (102) · शिक्षित स्त्रियाँ (105) · अध्ययन-विषय (105) · अध्ययन विधियाँ (112) · संन्यास एवं योग (114) · परम ज्ञान की पात्रता (116) · चरक (117) · युग के प्रतिनिधि आचार्य (118) · शिक्षण संस्थाएँ—आश्रम (133), वाद–विवाद मंडल (133), परिषदें (133), विद्वत् सभाओं के रूप में उपनिषद् (135), शास्त्रार्थ सम्मेलन (137)
अध्याय V – सूत्र साहित्य में वर्णित शिक्षा (162)
संस्कृत एक व्यवहारिक भाषा के रूप में (138) · शिक्षा के प्रमुख केन्द्र (140) · यज्ञस्थल ज्ञान-केन्द्र के रूप में (146) · राजदरबार शिक्षा-केन्द्र (148) · वन विद्यालय (149) · गैर-ब्राह्मणों की शिक्षा (151) · सार—द्विविध मार्ग (155) · नैतिकता पर बल (156) · वर्ण एवं आश्रम (157) · उपासना (158) · योग (159) · सूत्रों की उत्पत्ति (162) · सूत्र ग्रंथों के वर्ग (165) · वेदांग सूत्र एवं विशिष्ट अध्ययन (165) · उपवेद (170) · सूत्र विद्यालय एवं आचार्य (171) · शिक्षा-व्यवस्था (173) · विद्यारंभ (173) · उपनयन (174) · ब्रह्मचारी का वेश एवं उसका प्रतीकवाद (178–179) · प्रारम्भिक विधियाँ (180) · सावित्री-व्रत (182) · मेधाजनन (183) · भोजन (183) · भिक्षा (184) · गुरु-सेवा (185) · दैनिक कर्तव्य (186) · अनुशासन (187) · गुरु के प्रति आचरण (187) · अध्ययन नियम (188) · पाठ्यक्रम (188) · विशेष व्रत (189) · छात्रजीवन की अवधि (190) · उपाकर्म एवं उत्सर्जन (191) · अवकाश (193) · अध्ययन-निषिद्ध स्थान (194) · वैदिक अध्ययन के नियम (195) · वैदिक विद्यालय में शिक्षण (197) · उपकुर्वाण एवं नैष्ठिक (198) · एक से अधिक गुरु (199) · शिक्षकों की योग्यता, कर्तव्य एवं श्रेणियाँ (200) · गुरु के दायित्व (201) · छात्रों का दंड (201) · गुरु-दक्षिणा (202–203) · व्यक्तित्व विकास (205) · अनिवार्य उच्च शिक्षा (206) · स्त्री शिक्षा (208) · गैर-ब्राह्मण शिक्षक (209) · समावर्तन (209) · मौखिक शिक्षा व उसके लाभ (211) · व्यक्तिगत शिक्षा (218) · परिषद (219) · विशेष सूत्र विद्यालय (225)
अध्याय VI – पाणिनि के युग में शिक्षा (230)
पाणिनि को ज्ञात साहित्य (230) · कात्यायन एवं पतंजलि को ज्ञात साहित्य (234) · लोक साहित्य (235) · शिक्षा के नियम (235) · विद्यालयी अनुशासन (236) · शिक्षक वर्ग (237) · अध्ययन विधियाँ (238) · साहित्यकारों के वर्ग (240) · संन्यासियों के वर्ग (241) · शिक्षा संस्थाएँ (242) · गोत्र (242) · चरण (243) · विशेष विद्यालय (244) · परिषद (245) · स्त्री शिक्षा (245)
अध्याय VII – कौटिल्य के अर्थशास्त्र में शिक्षा (246)
अध्ययन-विषय (246) · अर्थशास्त्र के विद्यालय (248)
अध्याय VIII – शिक्षा का विधिक पक्ष (249)
गुरु-शिष्य विवाद (249) · विद्या से अर्जित संपत्ति पर अधिकार (251) · उच्च शैक्षणिक क्रियाएँ (253) · उपन्यास, प्रश्न, वाद, प्राध्ययन (254) · ज्ञान-साधनों की अविभाज्यता (256) · गुरु का शिष्य का उत्तराधिकारी होना (256) · शिक्षाकाल में अर्जित संपत्ति (256) · संन्यासियों की संपत्ति (257)भाग–II : बौद्ध शिक्षा
अध्याय XIII – पृष्ठभूमि (374)
हिंदू धर्म के एक चरण के रूप में बौद्ध धर्म (374) · ब्राह्मणीय प्रभाव (376) · संन्यास परंपरा बौद्ध धर्म तक सीमित नहीं (377) · पूर्व-बौद्ध संन्यासी संघ (381) · श्रमण परंपराएँ (382) · बुद्ध के विवाद एवं रूपांतरण (384) · ब्राह्मणीय परंपरा की उपज के रूप में बुद्ध (386) · ब्राह्मणवाद के प्रति बौद्ध दृष्टिकोण (389) · ब्राह्मणवाद के प्रति बौद्ध ऋण (392)
अध्याय XIV – विनय के अनुसार शिक्षा-प्रणाली (394)
शुद्ध संन्यासी शिक्षा (394) · दीक्षा (394) · प्रव्रज्या (395) · प्रवेश नियम (396) · उपसंपदा (398) · लोकतांत्रिक कार्यप्रणाली (400) · संन्यास त्याग (401) · उपाध्याय एवं आचार्य (402) · विद्यार्थियों के कर्तव्य (403) · आचार्यों के कर्तव्य (404) · विहार—आवासीय विद्यालय (406) · संन्यास के आधार—ब्रह्मचर्य (409), निर्धनता (410) · संघ की संपत्ति (412)
अध्याय XV – अनुशासन (414–429)
भिक्षा (414) · भिक्षापात्र (415) · भिक्षुओं का आहार (415) · भिक्षा एवं भोजन की विधि (417–418) · आमंत्रण एवं दान (419–423) · चिकित्सा एवं जीवक (425–427) · वस्त्र एवं आभूषण (429)
अध्याय XVI – निवास (434)
आवास के पाँच प्रकार (434) · वर्षावास (434) · कुटी, गुफा, विहार (437) · विहार का साज-सामान (440) · आराम, स्नानगृह (441) · जेतवन विहार (442) · विहार कर्मचारी (443) · कला एवं शिल्प विद्यालय के रूप में विहार (444)
अंतिम अध्यायों एवं विश्वविद्यालयों
नालंदा, विक्रमशिला, वल्लभी, ओदंतपुरी, मिथिला, नदिया आदि विश्वविद्यालय · भारतीय शिक्षा का एशिया में प्रसार · चीन, तिब्बत एवं अन्य देशों में भारतीय विद्वान (557–602)
PART I – BRAHMANICAL EDUCATION
Chapter I – Vedic Concepts and Terms (1):
Veda (1) · Samhita (3) · Mantra (2) · Brahmana (5) · Yajna (7)
Chapter II – Rigvedic Education (17):
Evolution of Rigveda and contents (17) · Conservation of text (20) · Literary activity (22) · Tapas as knowledge (24) · Recitation (26) · Comprehension (29) · Samghas & Sākhās (31) · Summary (34) · Vratachārī (36) · Yaska on Vedic Education (37) · Achievements: Language (38), Thought (39), Scientific spirit (49) · Kshatriyas as Rishis (50) · Women as Rishis (51) · Education of non-Aryans & depressed classes (51) · Seats of learning (53) · Secular learning (54) · Vedāngas (57)
Chapter III – Education in the Other Vedas (61):
Age of compilation (61) · Classes of priests & learning (61) · Samaveda & music (62) · Yajurveda (64) · Atharvaveda (66) · Brahmacharya (67)
Chapter IV – Later Vedic Education (71):
Brahmanas, Aranyakas & Upanishads (71) · Sākhas & Charanas (78) · Parishads (82) · Gotras (83) · Schools of law (84) · Charanas of Vedas & Brahmanas (85) · System of education (88) · Svādhyaya (88) · Need of teacher (89) · Studentship: Admission (91), Period (92), Duties (93), Inner discipline (95) · Highest knowledge (96) · Teacher’s valedictory address (99) · Duties of teachers (101) · Education compulsory (102) · Educated women (105) · Subjects (105) · Methods (112) · Sannyasa & Yoga (114) · Eligibility for highest knowledge (116) · Charakas (117) · Representative teachers (118) · Institutions: Aśramas (133), Debating circles (133), Parishads (133), Upanishads as learned transactions (135), Learned conferences (137)
Chapter V – Education as Described in the Sūtra Literature (162):
Sanskrit as spoken language (138) · Chief centres of education (140) · Seats of sacrifice as seats of learning (146) · Courts of kings as centres of learning (148) · Sylvan schools (149) · Education of non-Brahmans (151) · Summary: the two-fold path (155) · Insistence on morality (156) · Varna & Aśrama (157) · Upāsana (158) · Yoga (159) · Origin of Sūtras (162) · Classes of Sūtra works (165) · Vedānga Sūtras & specialised studies (165) · Upavedas (170) · Sūtra schools & teachers (171) · Educational system (173) · Vidyārambha (173) · Upanayana (174) · Brahmachari’s uniform (178) & symbolism (179) · Preliminaries (180) · Savitri-vrata (182) · Medhājanana (183) · Food (183) · Begging (184) · Service to teacher (185) · Daily duties (186) · Restrictions (187) · Behaviour towards teacher (187) · Rules of study (188) · Courses of study (188) · Special vratas (189) · Period of studentship (190) · Upakarma & Utsarjana (191) · Holidays (193) · Banned places of study (194) · Rules of Vedic study (195) · Teaching in a Vedic school (197) · Upakurvāna & Naiṣṭhika (198) · Plurality of teachers (199) · Qualifications, duties & grades of teachers (200) · Obligations of teacher (201) · Punishment of pupils (201) · Teacher’s remuneration (202) · Graduation gift to teacher (203) · Development of personality (205) · Compulsory higher education (206) · Education of women (208) · Non-Brahman teachers (209) · Samāvartana (209) · Oral teaching & advantages (211) · Individual education (218) · Parishad (219) · Special Sūtra schools (225)
Chapter VI – Education in the Time of Pāṇini (230):
Literature known to Pāṇini (230) · To Kātyāyana & Patañjali (234) · Popular literature (235) · Rules of education (235) · School regulations (236) · Classes of teachers (237) · Methods of study (238) · Classes of literary men (240) · Classes of ascetics (241) · Educational institutions (242) · Gotra (242) · Charana (243) · Special schools (244) · Parishad (245) · Women & education (245)
Chapter VII – Education in Kautilya’s Arthaśāstra (246):
Subjects of study (246) · Schools of Arthaśāstra (248)
Chapter VIII – The Legal Aspect of Education (249):
Litigation between teacher & pupil (249) · Property rights in gains of learning (251) · Higher academic activities (253) · Upanyāsa (254) · Praśna (254) · Vāda (254) · Prādhyāyana (254) · Non-transferable appliances of learning (256) · Teacher as heir of pupil (256) · Property acquired during pupilage (256) · Property of ascetics (257)
Chapter IX – Education as Conceived in the Philosophical Sūtra Literature (258):
Origins (258) · Systems of philosophy as systems of discipline (260) · Discipline of Vedānta (262) · Views of Śaṅkara (262), Sureśvara (264), Vidyāraṇya (265), Sadānanda (265), Rāmānuja (265), Nimbārka (265) · Social implications of Vedāntic education (266) · Summary (269) · Pūrva Mīmāṁsā as system of discipline (271) · Nyāya system of discipline (274) · Elements of knowledge (276) · Objects of knowledge (278) · Discussion as a method of learning (278) · Faith and reason (279) · Vaiśeṣika discipline (280) · Sāṁkhya discipline (281) · Caste and education (283) · Yoga as a system of discipline (284) · Yoga in other systems (284) · Affinity of Sāṁkhya and Yoga (285) · Antecedents of Yoga (286) · Treatment of mind (286) · Terms “Yoga” and “Samādhi” (287) · Assumptions of Yoga (288) · Sāṁkhya theory of knowledge as followed by Yoga (288) · Twenty-five Sāṁkhya categories (289) · Aim of Yoga: ascent to pure consciousness (293) · Yoga psychology of perception (293) · Scheme of practical discipline (295) · Chitta-bhūmi (296) · Chitta-vṛtti (298) · Pramāṇa: Pratyakṣa, Anumāna, Āgama (298) · Viparyaya (299) · Vikalpa (300) · Nidrā (300) · Smṛti (300) · Kliṣṭa and Akliṣṭa vṛttis (300) · Stages of Yogic process (301) · Moral practices & techniques (305) · Abhyāsa (305) · Vairāgya (305) · Five means of Samādhi (307) · Īśvara-praṇidhāna (307) · Obstacles to Samādhi (309) · Other distractions (309) · Moral means: Chitta-pariśuddhi (310) · Prāṇāyāma (311) · Achieving Abhyāsa & Vairāgya (311) · Kriyā-yoga: Tapas, Svādhyāya, Īśvara-praṇidhāna (311) · Five Kleśas: Avidyā (312), Asmitā (312), Rāga (313), Dveṣa (313), Abhiniveśa (313) · Aṣṭāṅga Yoga: Yama (313), Niyama (314), Āsana (315), Prāṇāyāma (315), Pratyāhāra (315), Dhāraṇā (316), Dhyāna (316), Samādhi (316) · Common disciplinary scheme of philosophical systems (316) · Emphasis on debate in education (317) · Tantra-Yukti and its contents (318) · Anvīkṣikī work of Medhātithi Gautama (319) · Sambhāṣā / Vāda-vidhi (320) · Conclusion (322)
Chapter X – Education in the Epics (325):
Evidence (325) · Principles of Varṇāśrama (326) · Mahābhārata on duties of castes (327) · Education of Brāhmaṇa (329) · Duties of studentship (330) · Eligibility for education (331) · Ideal students (332) · Failures of studentship (333) · Hermitages (333) · Learned gatherings at sacrifices (335) · Education of the Kṣatriya (336) · Bhīṣma as teacher (337) · Arjuna as pupil (337)
Chapter X (continued) – Education in the Epics (338):
Bhīṣma as teacher (338) · Contents of Kṣatriya education (338) · Women and education (343) · Ayodhyā as a centre of education in the Rāmāyaṇa (343) · Āśramas mentioned in the Rāmāyaṇa (343)
Chapter XI – Industrial and Vocational Education (345):
Ceremony of admission (345) · Upanayana for Ayurveda (345) · Medical holidays (346) · Graduation ceremony (347) · Rules of medical study (347) · Qualifications of a physician (348) · Success in medical treatment (348) · Admission to industry (349) · Rules of apprenticeship (349) · Caste and craft (352) · Guilds as industrial schools (353) · Sixty-four arts and crafts (Kalas) according to texts (353) · Arts and crafts in early Buddhist texts and Kautilya (363)
Chapter XII – Some Typical Educational Institutions and Centres (366):
Education essentially individual (366) · Organizational examples (367) · Temple-endowed colleges in South India (367) · Salotgi (367) · Ennayiram (368) · College of 340 students (368) · Grammar school at Tiruvorriyur (369) · Other institutions (370) · Teachers’ salaries (370) · Learned settlements (371) · Centres of education in Mysore (372) · Maṭhas (373)
PART II – BUDDHIST EDUCATION
Chapter XIII – The Background (374):
Buddhism as a phase of Hinduism (374) · Buddhist scheme of life influenced by Brahmanism (376) · Monachism not exclusive to Buddhism (377) · Brahmanical forms (377) · Pre-Buddhist Brahmanical ascetic orders (381) · Non-Buddhist Śramaṇa orders (382) · Buddha’s controversies and conversions (384) · Buddha as product of Brahmanical system (386) · Buddhism’s attitude towards Brahmanism (389) · Indebtedness of Buddhism to Brahmanism (392)
Chapter XIV – The System (According to Vinaya) (394):
Buddhist education purely monastic (394) · Initiation (394) · Pravrajyā (395) · Restrictions of admission (396) · Upasampadā (398) · Democratic procedure (400) · Renunciation of monkhood (401) · Upādhyāya and Ācārya (402) · Duties of pupils (403) · Duties of teachers (404) · Residential schools (Vihāras) (406) · Bases of monasticism: Continence (409), Poverty (410) · Property permitted to Saṅgha (412)
Chapter XV – Discipline (414):
Begging (414) · Alms-bowl (415) · Monks’ diet (415) · Manner of begging (417) · Manner of eating (418)
Chapter XV (continued) – Discipline (419):
Invitations to meals (419) · The Buddha’s hosts (420) · Gifts of provisions to the Saṅgha (422) · Non-Buddhist hosts of the Buddha (423) · Monks’ daily meals (425) · Medicine (425) · Jīvaka, the Buddha’s physician (427) · Clothing and dress (429)
Chapter XVI – Residence (434):
Five kinds of housing (434) · Varṣāvāsa / rain-retreat (434) · Hut (437) · Cave (437) · Vihāra (437) · Furniture of Vihāra (440) · Ārāma (440) · Baths (441) · Jetavana Vihāra (442) · Vihāra staff (443) · Vihāra as a school of arts and crafts (444)
Chapter XVII – Instruction (446):
Training of monks (446) · Parivāsa / probation (446) · Restrictions (447) · Disciplinary measures (447) · Games and sports (447) · Studies of monks (448) · Cultivation of vernacular (449) · Subjects tabooed (449) · Subjects taught (450) · Teaching mainly oral (450) · Regular & special teachers (451) · Spurious teachers (452) · Discussion as educational method (452) · Learned meetings (454) · Buddha’s daily life (455) · Monks seeking solitude (457) · Buddhist limits on solitary life (459) · Comparison of Buddhist & Brahmanical systems (459) · Women in Buddhist education (462) · Women leaders of Buddhism (464) · Education outside monasteries (466) · Education of laity (466)
Chapter XVIII – Industrial Education (468):
Medical education (468) · Career of Jīvaka (468) · Evidence of Milinda-Pañha (471) · Evidence of Jātakas (472)
Chapter XIX – The Milinda-Pañha on Education (473):
Career of Nāgasena (473) · Subjects of study (475)
Chapter XX – Education as Described in the Jātakas (477):
Takṣaśilā as centre of learning (477) · Tuition fees (479) · Public contributions (480) · Invitations to meals (480) · State scholarships (480) · Day scholars (481) · Householders as students (481) · Choice of studies (482) · Democracy of learning (482) · Food & discipline (483) · Communal colleges (484) · Senior students as assistant masters (484) · Teaching by shifts (485) · Birds as aids to study (485) · Use of writing (485) · Courses of study (486) · Religion & humanities (486) · Sciences, arts & crafts (487) · Theory & practice specialisation (487) · Practical education (488) · Foreign travel as educational aid (489) · Special schools of medicine, law & military science (489) · Schools of Śilpas (arts & crafts) (490) · Vārāṇasī / Benares as centre of education (490) · School of music (490) · Hermitages as centres of highest learning (490)
Chapter XXI – Education in the Fifth Century A.D. (Account of Fa-Hien) (492):
Chinese pilgrims to India (492) · Buddhist India (493) · Monasteries seen by Fa-Hien (494) · Maintenance of monasteries (496) · Duties of monks (497) · Oral teaching (497) · Manuscripts copied by Fa-Hien (498) · Popularity of Sanskrit (498) · Stūpas in honour of texts and teachers (498) · Guests at monasteries (498) · Assemblies (499) · Non-Buddhistic sects & charitable institutions (499) · Risks faced by Chinese pilgrims travelling to India (500)
Chapter XXII – Education in the Seventh Century A.D. (Account of Hiuen Tsang) (503):
Period, object, success & difficulties of Hiuen Tsang’s visit (503) · Brahmanical learning (504) · Buddhist education (508) · Monasteries visited (508) · Number of resident monks (523) · Monasteries producing leaders of Buddhist thought (526) · Primary education: contents (528) · Five Vidyās (528) · Higher education: contents (528) · Monasteries open to all Buddhist sects (529) · Skill in debate (530) · Gradation of scholars (530) · Manual & menial work of monks (531) · Karmadāna (531) · Spiritual exercises (531) · Assemblies (531) · Penalties (531) · Worship of images of saints (532) · Spread of education (532)
Chapter XXIII – I-Tsing’s Account of Education in the Seventh Century A.D. (535):
Objects & difficulties of I-tsing’s mission (535) · Places visited (536) · Strength of Brahmanism (536) · Elementary education (537) · Medical study (538) · Higher study (539) · Admission of monks (540) · Daily duties (542) · Grading of monks (543) · Secular education (545) · Non-Buddhist students (545) · Breadth of culture (546) · Unsuccessful monasteries, teachers & pupils (546) · Successful monasteries (547) · Learned assemblies (548) · Literary celebrities (548) · Worship of images, chaityas & stūpas (549) · Monastic self-government (551) · Registers of names (551) · Menial & administrative staff (552) · Dietary (552) · Measurement of time (553) · Aids to spiritual life (553) · Monastic property (553) · Libraries (555) · Cultural intercourse between China & India (555)
Chapter XXIV – Universities (557):
1. Nālandā (557): Early history (557) · Endowments (558) · Remains of buildings (560) · Free education (563) · Difficulty of admission (563) · Standard of scholarship (565) · 1,500 teachers for 8,500 students (565) · 100 lectures daily (566) · Range of studies—Brahmanical & Buddhist (566) · Famous teachers (567) · Ranking of monks (567) · Provision for Hiuen Tsang (569) · Academic titles (569) · Hostel room distribution (569) · Timetable (569) · Baths (570) · Democratic management (570)
Chapter XXIV – Universities (continued):
Nālandā (continued) (570):
Democratic management (570) · Harmony of life amid diversity of studies and beliefs (571) · Library (574) · History after I-tsing (574) · Nālandā scholars in foreign countries (575) · Nālandā literature and scholars in Tibet (575) · Nālandā scholars as missionaries in China (578) · Foreign scholars at Nālandā (579) · Scholars from different parts of India (580) · Nālandā rituals and art (581) · Development of Tantrayāna and Vajrayāna at Nālandā (581) · Supposed founders of Nālandā art (584) · Nālandā bronzes influencing Javanese art (585)
II. Vallabhī (Valabhi) (585)
III. Vikramaśīlā (587):
Site (587) · Buildings and staff (587) · Administration (587) · Six colleges and a central hall (587) · Six “Dvārā-Paṇḍitas” (588) · Vikramaśīlā scholars working in Tibet (589) · Career of Dīpaṃkara Śrījñāna Atiśa (590) · Career of Abhayākara Gupta (593) · Muslim destruction of Vikramaśīlā (594)
IV. Jagaddala (595):
Foundation by King Rāmapāla (595) · Noted scholars (595)
V. Odantapurī (595)
VI. Mithilā (596):
Early history (596) · Later history from the fourteenth century under different dynasties (597) · Early scholars: Jagaddhara, Śaṅkaramiśra, Vāchaspati Miśra (596) · The poet Vidyāpati (597) · School of Nyāya under Gangeśa, Vardhamāna, Pakṣadhara (597) · Later scholars (597) · Admission examination: Śālakā-Parīkṣā (598)
VII. Nadia (Navadvīpa) (598):
Development as a centre of learning under Sena kings of Bengal (598) · Students: the poets Jayadeva, Dhoyī, and Umapati (599) · Prosperity under Muslim rulers (599) · Nadia as an offshoot of Mithilā (599) · School of Nyāya founded by Vāsudeva Sārvabhauma, a student of Mithilā (599) · Famous logicians (600) · Schools of Smṛti, Tantricism, and astronomy (601)
Spread of Indian Learning Abroad:
Indian learning in foreign countries (601) · Indian scholars working in China for over one thousand years (602)